中翻西
Constructivism is a set of assumptions about the nature of human learning that guide constructivist learning theories and teaching methods. Constructivism values developmentally appropriate翻譯社 teaching-supported learning that is initiated and directed by the students. The theory behind a constructivist approach is that the child’s learning is done in a hands-on approach. The children learn by doing, and not by being told what will happen. They are left to make their own inferences, discoveries and conclusions. It also emphasizes that learning is not an “all or nothing” process but that student learn the new information that is presented to them by building upon knowledge that they already possess.
八種智能是迦納歸納出來的 並不是固定的項目 每一個人都一樣具有這些智能 在分歧的環境下使用 並且都可以被發展 多數人具有一至兩項較優勢的智能 多元智能教育大旨是在於成長人類更多的可能性
13. 網路資本
12. 九年一貫英語課程
Merits: 1. 比教科書有用率 對於年數小的進修者可幫忙連系單字與記憶力
Language experience approach supports children’s concept development and vocabulary growth while offering many opportunities for meaningful reading and writing activities. Another benefit of the language experience approach is the development of shared experiences that extend children’s knowledge of the world around them while building a sense of classroom community. Students are involved in planning翻譯社 experiencing, responding to翻譯社 and recording the experience and later, in participating in “remember when we?” conversations.
6. 其他技能 (教授教養法 approach)
電腦輔助說話講授
One’s identity consists of more than just his or her accent. Taking one’s accent away won’t mean taking his or her identity away, just like having a certain accent does not necessarily make one inferior or superior merely because that specific accent sounds inferior of superior.
1. Communicative pedagogy溝通式教育法
2. Multiple Intelligence多元智能
3. Whole language teaching 全英語教學
8. 文法
The Nine-Year Integrated Curriculum Guidelines
http://www.cavesbooks.com.tw/CET/htm/m0420100.htm
語言經驗學習法 接濟學生認知成長與自會增加 供應成心義的閱讀寫作運動 分享經驗 擴大學生對於週遭世界的常識 建立一個教室整體的氛圍 學生計畫 體驗 回應 紀錄經驗
增強集中 強調聲音`單字`腔調`特徵
1. showcase portfolios – student select pieces which they believe represent their best work
2. collection portfolios(working portfolio) – all the drafts & the final product
3. assessment portfolios: according to certain criteria give by the instructor
其他: spiritual `existential` moral intelligence
不連氣兒考試 測驗一樣器材 一個項目接著一個項目
1. 動機提高進修速度
2. 進修者人格特質(shy/ embarrassing of incorrect speaking)
3. 對於內容的興趣 interest in a particular text
4. The higher the interest level the better comprehension will be. 興趣越高可以接濟理解
11. 發音
Merits: 1. Learner autonomy- responsibilities of their own learning
Computer-aid language learning: CALL
10. 影響進修的因素:
Teachers should creatively use technology but not rely on it alone.
人類進修 以教員輔助起頭 指點學生 學生從著手作中進修 自己去介入 發現 獲得答案 進修進程並非生成具有 也不是從零起頭 而是從已有的獲得中 建造新的常識
Inductive grammar is an approach to grammar teaching in which learners are not taught grammatical or other types of rules directly, but are left to discover or induce rules from their experience of using the language.
portfolio assessment: three categories
多元智能 Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence
(推論 間接)
首要限制: not suitable for adult (who has the maturity of concept)
2. The computer offers a forum where learners can lose their self-consciousness. Many learners are shy of making mistakes. In the private environments翻譯社 the learner can work at their own pace. The learner can spend more time on those topics that are causing difficulty.
3. access to information: A CALL program has the potential to provide more information.
The Nativist Approach: assumes that despite the fact that children’s early utterances are clearly not adult-like and lack many components of grammatical speech, children are operating with an abstract knowledge of grammatical categories. (Hyams, 1986)
Constructivism建構式
Deductive grammar teaching, contrasted with inducted grammar teaching, is an approach to grammar teaching in which learners are taught grammatical rules and given specific information about a language.
Children are relatively more field-dependant, so teachers should use direct methods and try to provide a rich and stimulating environment with a lots objects to play with. Along with audio visual aids翻譯社 all kinds of sensory input are important. Game-like language learning activities are an excellent, even essential翻譯社 part of a program of children’s leaning activities. Children is general learn well when they are active and when action is channeled into enjoyable game, they are often willing to invest considerable time and effort in playing it. Children’s attention span is short, about half an hour, so the grammatical instruction should last and be accompanied with more longer activities to catch their attention.
(演譯 直接)
Intensive listening performance is listening for perception of the components(phoneme, words, intonation, discourse, markers) of a larger stretch of language.
Humanistic Approach: 人本教育 with low anxiety and relax state, with high concentration and attention on language learning翻譯社 interaction in the community, help each other, teacher’s role as a counselor, only give support when necessary
首要理論與講授法
In many ways adults are superior to children as learners, they have greater cognitive maturity, better learning strategies and study habits, better focus and goal orientation, a longer attention span, the ability to make a greater variety of associations翻譯社 and better short-term memory. Thus翻譯社 in teaching adults English翻譯社 more time can be used for grammatical instruction and practice翻譯社 accompanied with a few sensory input and activities.
Storybook in EFL classroom
2. 匡助字彙的成長與認知 白話的互動 和教導社會立場與行為價值
4. 真實教材較刺激富厚 視覺美化 提供學生高度進修的念頭
5. 幫助學生透過故事書快速取得內文 仿照與重複單字和描寫表達
6. 供給學生已進修過的natural context
The eight intelligences are not fixed in one of each catalogue. The intelligence are found out and distinguished. Everyone have all of these eight kinds of intelligences. People can use these intelligences in different situations. Every intelligence can be developed. Most of the people have much abilities of one or two intelligences. Multiple intelligence education is used to develop much more possibilities of human.
其他影響進修身分
9. 教學評量
低焦炙狀況與輕鬆的體式格局進修 強調小我價值成長 高集中力與注意力在說話進修上 在社群中相互扶助 老師的腳色是諮詢者 在需要的時候賜與幫忙
成人與小孩
Discrete-point testing involves testing one thing at a time, item by item (e.g. a multiple-choice grammar test on the present perfect)
Extensive listening performance is listening to develop a top-down翻譯社 global understanding of spoken language. Extensive listening performance ranges from listening to lengthy lectures to listening to a conversation and deriving a comprehensive message or purpose.擴大的 由上致下 全球化理解白話說話 從冗雜的演說、對話理解訊息或大旨
7. 聽力
自然進修法 強調孩童初期語言缺少成人的文法能力 她們正在利用抽象的文法概念
聲調並不影響成分 分歧腔調不代表優勝性或較下等
1. Linguistic Intelligence
2. logical-mathematical intelligence
3. spatial intelligence
4. musical intelligence
5. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
6. interpersonal intelligence
7. intrapersonal intelligence
8. naturalist intelligence
引用自: http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/evelyn616/post/1271768999有關各國語文翻譯公證的問題歡迎諮詢天成翻譯公司02-77260931
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